Paid Sick Leave (and Paid Leave for Any Purpose) Policies Require Careful Employer Review
Eye on Washington's series focuses on the latest HR regulatory trends taking place at the federal, state, and local level. Topics will include tax and HR compliance, Health Care Reform, payroll, benefits, leaves, and more.
Paid sick leave laws and more recently, paid leave for any purpose laws, pose a compliance challenge to employers. While the legislative framework for these laws tends to be similar (they generally define eligible employees, an accrual formula, reasons for leave, carry-over requirements, employee and employer notice and documentation requirements), each law differs with respect to the application of these requirements which, in turn, poses unique challenges for multistate (and multi-city) employers.
As an example, employers would need to identify specific business needs and evaluate the laws that apply to their employees to determine if they can maintain one paid time off (PTO) policy to govern all employees across various jurisdictions, or if they will need to maintain a sick leave policy separate from their PTO policy. There are pros and cons for each option that need to be carefully considered before making a decision. Keep in mind, some jurisdictions may require only certain types of employers to provide paid sick leave (or paid leave for any purpose) or require employers to provide this type of leave only to specific types of employees (e.g., home health workers in Virginia).
With 50 states and 39,000 municipalities, the number of sick and any purpose leave mandates continues to grow rapidly. The following jurisdictions and states have enacted laws requiring employers to provide sick leave or paid leave for any purpose to employees (or specific types of workers):
- Arizona
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- District of Columbia
- Illinois
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Nevada
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- Oregon
- Puerto Rico
- Rhode Island
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- More than 25 local jurisdictions in California, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington
In response, many states have passed laws banning cities, counties, and municipalities from establishing paid leave laws for private employers. In those states, the state laws will preempt any laws made at the local level.
At the federal level, there is an executive order requiring federal contractors to grant at least seven days of paid sick leave to their employees. Under the order, executive departments and agencies are required to include a clause in each new contract that makes a condition of payment the requirement that all employees, in the performance of the contract or any subcontract, must earn not less than one hour of paid sick leave for every 30 hours worked. This provision must also be included in subcontract agreements. Rules such as these only affect government contractors or sub-contractors, but are often viewed as a model for broader legislation.
Impact to Employers
Employers should begin thinking about the policy they are going to implement to comply with any new law. If an employer already has a PTO policy (which may or may not include time off for sick reasons), they should think about whether to maintain one all-inclusive PTO policy, or a separate policy strictly for sick time (and if so, how to coordinate with the federal Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) as well as paid and unpaid state leave laws). Additionally, employers need to be aware of any specific record keeping or paystub requirements, or notice/poster requirements, including employee handbooks.
Employees view time-off policies as part of their total compensation. Therefore, before employers make a change, they need to define who they are trying to attract, how they are trying to motivate them, and what type of work environment they are trying to create.
Paid Sick Time vs. Paid Time Off (PTO)
PTO policies give workers the flexibility to use their leave to fit their needs. For employers with employees in multiple jurisdictions, with varying paid sick leave requirements, having one PTO policy for all types of leave can be an attractive option. Provided it meets the requirements of the most generous paid sick leave law in effect, one PTO policy can govern all employees across various jurisdictions and simplify administration.
However, one potential disadvantage is that some states (like California) require employers to pay out all accrued, but unused, time under their PTO policy, whereas most paid sick leave laws do not require the payout of accrued, but unused, sick time. This could mean employers would face additional costs paying for unused sick time, if they bundle their sick leave into their PTO.
When determining whether to maintain one PTO policy for all types of leave or to maintain a sick leave policy separately, identify your specific business needs and evaluate the laws that apply to your employees. We also recommend that you make a business case for change (if appropriate), as well as consult with your legal counsel to determine whether any existing sick leave or PTO policy meets the requirements of the emerging laws, or if you will need to take additional steps to comply.
Reporting and Notice Requirements
Some states, such as California, require written notice to be provided to the employee ― on the designated pay date with the employee's payment of wages — that sets forth the amount of paid sick leave available, or paid time off leave that an employer provides in lieu of sick leave. One method to consider is printing the balance of paid sick leave available on the employee's pay statement when there is paid sick leave available for use.
Oregon requires employers to provide written notice to each employee providing the amount of accrued and unused sick time available on at least a quarterly basis.
Employers also need to be aware of any advance notice requirements. Connecticut, for example, requires employers to give notice to each covered employee at the time of hire that they are entitled to paid sick leave, the amount provided, and the terms under which it can be used; that the employer cannot interfere or retaliate against the employee for requesting or using sick leave; and that employees can file a complaint with the state Labor Commissioner for any violation. This requirement may be satisfied by displaying a poster containing the information in a conspicuous place, accessible to employees, at the employer's place of business. Some states may supply the required poster or notice, or provide samples for employers to use.
Compliance with the numerous paid sick leave laws, and the newer paid leave for any purpose laws, will have its challenges, particularly for those employers who operate in both a city and a state with separate paid sick leave laws containing varying provisions.
As an employer, you will need to review the differences of each law applicable to your workforce and ensure you are providing your employees with the greatest protection called for under the more generous law. Employers may wish to monitor various news sources and associations to identify other similar laws; evaluate the recently enacted laws noting any questions; review current company policies; and consult with legal counsel to develop a plan to help ensure other legal and compliance requirements are met.
For more detailed information, replay our webinar: How to Navigate the Ever-Changing Maze of Paid Leave Laws and read the article, Decoding State Leave Law Legislation — A Guide for HR Leaders and Business Owners.
ADP Compliance Resources
ADP maintains a staff of dedicated professionals who carefully monitor federal and state legislative and regulatory measures affecting employment-related human resource, payroll, tax and benefits administration, and help ensure that ADP systems are updated as relevant laws evolve. For the latest on how federal and state tax law changes may impact your business, visit the ADP Eye on Washington Web page located at www.adp.com/regulatorynews.
ADP is committed to assisting businesses with increased compliance requirements resulting from rapidly evolving legislation. Our goal is to help minimize your administrative burden across the entire spectrum of employment-related payroll, tax, HR and benefits, so that you can focus on running your business. This information is provided as a courtesy to assist in your understanding of the impact of certain regulatory requirements and should not be construed as tax or legal advice. Such information is by nature subject to revision and may not be the most current information available. ADP encourages readers to consult with appropriate legal and/or tax advisors. Please be advised that calls to and from ADP may be monitored or recorded.
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Updated June 25, 2024
